CALSβ

Conlang Atlas of Language Structures

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  • All features

  • Phonology
  • Morphology
  • Nominal Categories
  • Nominal Syntax
  • Verbal Categories
  • Word Order
  • Simple Clauses
  • Complex Sentences
  • Lexicon
  • Sign Languages
  • Other
  • Conlang-specific
  • Phonology
    • Consonant Inventories (1148 languages)
    • Vowel Quality Inventories (1161 languages)
    • Consonant-Vowel Ratio (1080 languages)
    • Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives (1135 languages)
    • Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems (1099 languages)
    • Uvular Consonants (1125 languages)
    • Glottalized Consonants (1099 languages)
    • Lateral Consonants (1114 languages)
    • The Velar Nasal (1120 languages)
    • Vowel Nasalization (1108 languages)
    • Front Rounded Vowels (1096 languages)
    • Syllable Structure (1125 languages)
    • Tone (1144 languages)
    • Fixed Stress Locations (951 languages)
    • Weight-Sensitive Stress (813 languages)
    • Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems (779 languages)
    • Rhythm Types (678 languages)
    • Absence of Common Consonants (1088 languages)
    • Presence of Uncommon Consonants (1087 languages)
  • Morphology
    • Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives (826 languages)
    • Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives (772 languages)
    • Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb (747 languages)
    • Locus of Marking in the Clause (764 languages)
    • Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases (750 languages)
    • Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology (698 languages)
    • Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology (812 languages)
    • Reduplication (793 languages)
    • Case Syncretism (775 languages)
    • Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking (772 languages)
  • Nominal Categories
    • Number of Genders (1041 languages)
    • Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems (1000 languages)
    • Systems of Gender Assignment (955 languages)
    • Coding of Nominal Plurality (972 languages)
    • Occurrence of Nominal Plurality (879 languages)
    • Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns (814 languages)
    • The Associative Plural (598 languages)
    • Definite Articles (944 languages)
    • Indefinite Articles (921 languages)
    • Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns (844 languages)
    • Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection (833 languages)
    • Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives (757 languages)
    • Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives (609 languages)
    • Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives (679 languages)
    • Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns (804 languages)
    • Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns (780 languages)
    • Indefinite Pronouns (540 languages)
    • Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns (522 languages)
    • Person Marking on Adpositions (687 languages)
    • Number of Cases (868 languages)
    • Asymmetrical Case-Marking (690 languages)
    • Position of Case Affixes (803 languages)
    • Comitatives and Instrumentals (643 languages)
    • Ordinal Numerals (669 languages)
    • Distributive Numerals (470 languages)
    • Numeral Classifiers (651 languages)
    • Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers (415 languages)
    • Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes (707 languages)
  • Nominal Syntax
    • Obligatory Possessive Inflection (726 languages)
    • Possessive Classification (679 languages)
    • Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses (599 languages)
    • Adjectives without Nouns (589 languages)
    • Action Nominal Constructions (420 languages)
    • Noun Phrase Conjunction (607 languages)
    • Nominal and Verbal Conjunction (595 languages)
  • Verbal Categories
    • Perfective/Imperfective Aspect (786 languages)
    • The Past Tense (839 languages)
    • The Future Tense (835 languages)
    • The Perfect (739 languages)
    • Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes (777 languages)
    • The Morphological Imperative (668 languages)
    • The Prohibitive (615 languages)
    • Imperative-Hortative Systems (449 languages)
    • The Optative (626 languages)
    • Situational Possibility (495 languages)
    • Epistemic Possibility (481 languages)
    • Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking (413 languages)
    • Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality (566 languages)
    • Coding of Evidentiality (600 languages)
    • Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect (565 languages)
    • Verbal Number and Suppletion (558 languages)
  • Word Order
    • Order of Subject, Object and Verb (937 languages)
    • Order of Subject and Verb (897 languages)
    • Order of Object and Verb (890 languages)
    • Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb (691 languages)
    • Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase (778 languages)
    • Order of Genitive and Noun (830 languages)
    • Order of Adjective and Noun (864 languages)
    • Order of Demonstrative and Noun (765 languages)
    • Order of Numeral and Noun (781 languages)
    • Order of Relative Clause and Noun (695 languages)
    • Order of Degree Word and Adjective (542 languages)
    • Position of Polar Question Particles (663 languages)
    • Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions (611 languages)
    • Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause (517 languages)
    • Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase (623 languages)
    • Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun (603 languages)
    • Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun (644 languages)
    • Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb (572 languages)
    • Position of Negative Morpheme With Respect to Subject, Object and Verb (525 languages)
  • Simple Clauses
    • Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases (698 languages)
    • Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns (657 languages)
    • Alignment of Verbal Person Marking (633 languages)
    • Expression of Pronominal Subjects (635 languages)
    • Verbal Person Marking (705 languages)
    • Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking (632 languages)
    • Order of Person Markers on the Verb (621 languages)
    • Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' (557 languages)
    • Reciprocal Constructions (468 languages)
    • Passive Constructions (645 languages)
    • Antipassive Constructions (552 languages)
    • Applicative Constructions (462 languages)
    • Periphrastic Causative Constructions (272 languages)
    • Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions (406 languages)
    • Negative Morphemes (654 languages)
    • Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation (476 languages)
    • Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation (376 languages)
    • Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation (331 languages)
    • Polar Questions (625 languages)
    • Predicative Possession (455 languages)
    • Predicative Adjectives (516 languages)
    • Nominal and Locational Predication (476 languages)
    • Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals (549 languages)
    • Comparative Constructions (398 languages)
  • Complex Sentences
    • Relativization on Subjects (494 languages)
    • Relativization on Obliques (450 languages)
    • 'Want' Complement Subjects (415 languages)
    • Purpose Clauses (362 languages)
    • 'When' Clauses (375 languages)
    • Reason Clauses (366 languages)
    • Utterance Complement Clauses (336 languages)
  • Lexicon
    • Hand and Arm (681 languages)
    • Finger and Hand (663 languages)
    • Numeral Bases (746 languages)
    • Number of Non-Derived Basic Colour Categories (333 languages)
    • Number of Basic Colour Categories (317 languages)
    • Green and Blue (523 languages)
    • Red and Yellow (524 languages)
    • M-T Pronouns (573 languages)
    • N-M Pronouns (567 languages)
    • Tea (486 languages)
  • Sign Languages
    • Irregular Negatives in Sign Languages (69 languages)
    • Question Particles in Sign Languages (72 languages)
  • Other
    • Writing Systems (652 languages)
    • Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks (374 languages)
  • Conlang-specific
    • Conlang type (831 languages)
 
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