CALS
β
Conlang Atlas of Language Structures
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Consonant Inventories
Vowel Quality Inventories
Consonant-Vowel Ratio
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems
Uvular Consonants
Glottalized Consonants
Lateral Consonants
The Velar Nasal
Vowel Nasalization
Front Rounded Vowels
Syllable Structure
Tone
Fixed Stress Locations
Weight-Sensitive Stress
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems
Rhythm Types
Absence of Common Consonants
Presence of Uncommon Consonants
Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb
Locus of Marking in the Clause
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology
Reduplication
Case Syncretism
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking
Number of Genders
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems
Systems of Gender Assignment
Coding of Nominal Plurality
Occurrence of Nominal Plurality
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns
The Associative Plural
Definite Articles
Indefinite Articles
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns
Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns
Person Marking on Adpositions
Number of Cases
Asymmetrical Case-Marking
Position of Case Affixes
Comitatives and Instrumentals
Ordinal Numerals
Distributive Numerals
Numeral Classifiers
Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes
Obligatory Possessive Inflection
Possessive Classification
Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses
Adjectives without Nouns
Action Nominal Constructions
Noun Phrase Conjunction
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction
Perfective/Imperfective Aspect
The Past Tense
The Future Tense
The Perfect
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes
The Morphological Imperative
The Prohibitive
Imperative-Hortative Systems
The Optative
Situational Possibility
Epistemic Possibility
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality
Coding of Evidentiality
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect
Verbal Number and Suppletion
Order of Subject, Object and Verb
Order of Subject and Verb
Order of Object and Verb
Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
Order of Genitive and Noun
Order of Adjective and Noun
Order of Demonstrative and Noun
Order of Numeral and Noun
Order of Relative Clause and Noun
Order of Degree Word and Adjective
Position of Polar Question Particles
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun
Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking
Expression of Pronominal Subjects
Verbal Person Marking
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking
Order of Person Markers on the Verb
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give'
Reciprocal Constructions
Passive Constructions
Antipassive Constructions
Applicative Constructions
Periphrastic Causative Constructions
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions
Negative Morphemes
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation
Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation
Polar Questions
Predicative Possession
Predicative Adjectives
Nominal and Locational Predication
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals
Comparative Constructions
Relativization on Subjects
Relativization on Obliques
'Want' Complement Subjects
Purpose Clauses
'When' Clauses
Reason Clauses
Utterance Complement Clauses
Hand and Arm
Finger and Hand
Numeral Bases
Number of Non-Derived Basic Colour Categories
Number of Basic Colour Categories
Green and Blue
Red and Yellow
M-T Pronouns
N-M Pronouns
Tea
Irregular Negatives in Sign Languages
Question Particles in Sign Languages
Writing Systems
Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb
Position of Negative Morpheme With Respect to Subject, Object and Verb
Conlang type
Compare
Reciprocal Constructions
WALS
In-depth description:
Only at
WALS
Values:
Conlangs:
No reciprocals
(34 languages)
Distinct from reflexive
(253 languages)
Mixed
(32 languages)
Identical to reflexive
(99 languages)
Natlangs:
No reciprocals
(10 languages)
Distinct from reflexive
(54 languages)
Mixed
(9 languages)
Identical to reflexive
(22 languages)
Pygal
0
0
20
20
40
40
60
60
80
80
100
100
120
120
140
140
160
160
180
180
200
200
220
220
240
240
No reciprocals
Distinct from reflexive
Mixed
Identical to reflexive
34
63.34615384615384
453.49916387959865
No reciprocals
253
239.30769230769232
247.5
Distinct from reflexive
32
415.2692307692308
455.3804347826087
Mixed
99
591.2307692307692
392.35785953177253
Identical to reflexive
10
140.76923076923077
476.07441471571906
No reciprocals
54
316.7307692307692
434.6864548494983
Distinct from reflexive
9
492.6923076923077
477.0150501672241
Mixed
22
668.6538461538461
464.78678929765886
Identical to reflexive
Conlang
Natlang
