Features for Swahili

This language is cloned from WALS. If you need to cite or disagree with any data on this language, you will have to do so at WALS, not here.

Consonant Inventories ^WALS	Moderately large
Vowel Quality Inventories ^WALS	Average (5-6)
Consonant-Vowel Ratio ^WALS	Moderately high
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives ^WALS	In both plosives and fricatives
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems ^WALS	None missing in /p t k b d g/
Uvular Consonants ^WALS	None
Glottalized Consonants ^WALS	No glottalized consonants
Lateral Consonants ^WALS	/l/, no obstruent laterals
The Velar Nasal ^WALS	Initial velar nasal
Vowel Nasalization ^WALS	Contrast absent
Front Rounded Vowels ^WALS	None
Syllable Structure ^WALS	Simple
Tone ^WALS	No tones
Fixed Stress Locations ^WALS	Penultimate
Weight-Sensitive Stress ^WALS	Fixed stress
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems ^WALS	No weight
Absence of Common Consonants ^WALS	All present
Presence of Uncommon Consonants ^WALS	'Th' sounds

Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives ^WALS	Exclusively concatenative
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives ^WALS	No case
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb ^WALS	4-5 categories per word
Locus of Marking in the Clause ^WALS	Head marking
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases ^WALS	Dependent marking
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology ^WALS	Inconsistent or other
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology ^WALS	Weakly prefixing
Reduplication ^WALS	Productive full and partial reduplication
Case Syncretism ^WALS	No case marking
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking ^WALS	Syncretic

Number of Genders ^WALS	Five or more
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems ^WALS	Non-sex-based
Systems of Gender Assignment ^WALS	Semantic and formal
Coding of Nominal Plurality ^WALS	Plural prefix
Occurrence of Nominal Plurality ^WALS	All nouns, always obligatory
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns ^WALS	Person-number stem
The Associative Plural ^WALS	Unique periphrastic associative plural
Definite Articles ^WALS	Demonstrative word used as definite article
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns ^WALS	No inclusive/exclusive
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection ^WALS	No inclusive/exclusive
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives ^WALS	Two-way contrast
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives ^WALS	Identical
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns ^WALS	3rd person only, but also non-singular
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns ^WALS	No politeness distinction
Indefinite Pronouns ^WALS	Generic-noun-based
Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns ^WALS	Differentiated
Person Marking on Adpositions ^WALS	No person marking
Number of Cases ^WALS	No morphological case-marking
Asymmetrical Case-Marking ^WALS	No case-marking
Position of Case Affixes ^WALS	Mixed morphological case
Comitatives and Instrumentals ^WALS	Differentiation
Ordinal Numerals ^WALS	First, second, three-th
Distributive Numerals ^WALS	Marked by reduplication
Numeral Classifiers ^WALS	Absent
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes ^WALS	Possessive suffixes

Obligatory Possessive Inflection ^WALS	Absent
Possessive Classification ^WALS	No possessive classification
Adjectives without Nouns ^WALS	Without marking
Action Nominal Constructions ^WALS	Possessive-Accusative
Noun Phrase Conjunction ^WALS	'And' identical to 'with'

Perfective/Imperfective Aspect ^WALS	No grammatical marking
The Past Tense ^WALS	Present, no remoteness distinctions
The Future Tense ^WALS	Inflectional future exists
The Perfect ^WALS	Other perfect
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes ^WALS	Tense-aspect prefixes
The Morphological Imperative ^WALS	Second singular and second plural
The Prohibitive ^WALS	Special imperative + special negative
Imperative-Hortative Systems ^WALS	Maximal system
The Optative ^WALS	Inflectional optative absent
Situational Possibility ^WALS	Affixes on verbs
Epistemic Possibility ^WALS	Affixes on verbs
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking ^WALS	Overlap for either possibility or necessity
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality ^WALS	No grammatical evidentials
Coding of Evidentiality ^WALS	No grammatical evidentials
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect ^WALS	None
Verbal Number and Suppletion ^WALS	None

Order of Subject, Object and Verb ^WALS	SVO
Order of Subject and Verb ^WALS	SV
Order of Object and Verb ^WALS	VO
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase ^WALS	Prepositions
Order of Genitive and Noun ^WALS	Noun-Genitive
Order of Adjective and Noun ^WALS	Noun-Adjective
Order of Demonstrative and Noun ^WALS	Noun-Demonstrative
Order of Numeral and Noun ^WALS	Noun-Numeral
Order of Relative Clause and Noun ^WALS	Noun-Relative clause
Position of Polar Question Particles ^WALS	Initial
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions ^WALS	Not initial interrogative phrase
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause ^WALS	Initial subordinator word
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase ^WALS	VO and Prepositions
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun ^WALS	VO and NRel
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun ^WALS	VO and NAdj
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb ^WALS	[Neg-V]
Position of Negative Morpheme With Respect to Subject, Object and Verb ^WALS	MorphNeg

Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases ^WALS	Neutral
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns ^WALS	Neutral
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking ^WALS	Accusative
Expression of Pronominal Subjects ^WALS	Subject affixes on verb
Verbal Person Marking ^WALS	Both the A and P arguments
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking ^WALS	No zero realization
Order of Person Markers on the Verb ^WALS	A precedes P
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' ^WALS	Double-object construction
Reciprocal Constructions ^WALS	Distinct from reflexive
Passive Constructions ^WALS	Present
Antipassive Constructions ^WALS	No antipassive
Applicative Constructions ^WALS	Benefactive and other; both bases
Periphrastic Causative Constructions ^WALS	Purposive but no sequential
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions ^WALS	Morphological but no compound
Negative Morphemes ^WALS	Negative affix
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation ^WALS	Both
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation ^WALS	A/Cat
Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation ^WALS	Predicate negation also present
Polar Questions ^WALS	Question particle
Predicative Possession ^WALS	Conjunctional
Predicative Adjectives ^WALS	Mixed
Nominal and Locational Predication ^WALS	Identical
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals ^WALS	Impossible
Comparative Constructions ^WALS	Exceed

Relativization on Subjects ^WALS	Gap
Relativization on Obliques ^WALS	Not possible
Utterance Complement Clauses ^WALS	Balanced

Hand and Arm ^WALS	Identical
Finger and Hand ^WALS	Different
Numeral Bases ^WALS	Decimal
M-T Pronouns ^WALS	No M-T pronouns
N-M Pronouns ^WALS	No N-M pronouns
Tea ^WALS	Words derived from Sinitic cha

Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks ^WALS	Affective meanings

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