Features for Nivkh

This language is cloned from WALS. If you need to cite or disagree with any data on this language, you will have to do so at WALS, not here.

Consonant Inventories ^WALS	Moderately large
Vowel Quality Inventories ^WALS	Average (5-6)
Consonant-Vowel Ratio ^WALS	Moderately high
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives ^WALS	In fricatives alone
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems ^WALS	Other
Uvular Consonants ^WALS	Uvular stops and continuants
Glottalized Consonants ^WALS	No glottalized consonants
Lateral Consonants ^WALS	/l/, no obstruent laterals
The Velar Nasal ^WALS	Initial velar nasal
Vowel Nasalization ^WALS	Contrast absent
Front Rounded Vowels ^WALS	None
Syllable Structure ^WALS	Complex
Tone ^WALS	Simple tone system
Fixed Stress Locations ^WALS	Initial
Weight-Sensitive Stress ^WALS	Fixed stress
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems ^WALS	No weight
Absence of Common Consonants ^WALS	All present
Presence of Uncommon Consonants ^WALS	None

Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives ^WALS	Exclusively concatenative
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives ^WALS	No case
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb ^WALS	8-9 categories per word
Locus of Marking in the Clause ^WALS	Head marking
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases ^WALS	Head marking
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology ^WALS	Head-marking
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology ^WALS	Weakly suffixing
Reduplication ^WALS	Full reduplication only
Case Syncretism ^WALS	No syncretism
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking ^WALS	Syncretic

Number of Genders ^WALS	None
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems ^WALS	No gender
Systems of Gender Assignment ^WALS	No gender
Coding of Nominal Plurality ^WALS	Plural suffix
Occurrence of Nominal Plurality ^WALS	All nouns, always optional
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns ^WALS	Person stem + nominal plural affix
The Associative Plural ^WALS	Associative same as additive plural
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns ^WALS	Inclusive/exclusive
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection ^WALS	No person marking
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives ^WALS	Two-way contrast
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives ^WALS	Different inflection
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives ^WALS	Related for non-human reference
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns ^WALS	No gender distinctions
Indefinite Pronouns ^WALS	Interrogative-based
Person Marking on Adpositions ^WALS	Pronouns only
Number of Cases ^WALS	8-9 cases
Asymmetrical Case-Marking ^WALS	Symmetrical
Position of Case Affixes ^WALS	Case suffixes
Comitatives and Instrumentals ^WALS	Differentiation
Ordinal Numerals ^WALS	First, two, three
Distributive Numerals ^WALS	Marked by mixed or other strategies
Numeral Classifiers ^WALS	Obligatory
Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers ^WALS	Formally similar, with interrogative
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes ^WALS	Possessive prefixes

Action Nominal Constructions ^WALS	Sentential
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction ^WALS	Differentiation

Perfective/Imperfective Aspect ^WALS	No grammatical marking
The Past Tense ^WALS	No past tense
The Future Tense ^WALS	Inflectional future exists
The Perfect ^WALS	No perfect
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes ^WALS	Tense-aspect suffixes
The Morphological Imperative ^WALS	Second singular and second plural
Imperative-Hortative Systems ^WALS	Maximal system
The Optative ^WALS	Inflectional optative absent
Situational Possibility ^WALS	Verbal constructions
Epistemic Possibility ^WALS	Affixes on verbs
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking ^WALS	No overlap
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality ^WALS	Indirect only
Coding of Evidentiality ^WALS	Verbal affix or clitic
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect ^WALS	None
Verbal Number and Suppletion ^WALS	None

Order of Subject, Object and Verb ^WALS	SOV
Order of Subject and Verb ^WALS	SV
Order of Object and Verb ^WALS	OV
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase ^WALS	Postpositions
Order of Genitive and Noun ^WALS	Genitive-Noun
Order of Adjective and Noun ^WALS	Adjective-Noun
Order of Demonstrative and Noun ^WALS	Demonstrative-Noun
Order of Numeral and Noun ^WALS	No dominant order
Position of Polar Question Particles ^WALS	Final
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions ^WALS	Not initial interrogative phrase
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase ^WALS	OV and Postpositions
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun ^WALS	OV and AdjN
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb ^WALS	OptDoubleNeg
Position of Negative Morpheme With Respect to Subject, Object and Verb ^WALS	OptDoubleNeg

Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases ^WALS	Neutral
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns ^WALS	Neutral
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking ^WALS	Neutral
Expression of Pronominal Subjects ^WALS	Optional pronouns in subject position
Verbal Person Marking ^WALS	No person marking
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking ^WALS	No person marking
Order of Person Markers on the Verb ^WALS	A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' ^WALS	Secondary-object construction
Reciprocal Constructions ^WALS	Distinct from reflexive
Passive Constructions ^WALS	Absent
Antipassive Constructions ^WALS	No antipassive
Applicative Constructions ^WALS	No applicative construction
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions ^WALS	Morphological but no compound
Negative Morphemes ^WALS	Negative auxiliary verb
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation ^WALS	Both
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation ^WALS	A/Fin and A/NonReal
Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation ^WALS	Predicate negation also present
Polar Questions ^WALS	Question particle
Predicative Adjectives ^WALS	Verbal encoding
Nominal and Locational Predication ^WALS	Different
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals ^WALS	Possible

Purpose Clauses ^WALS	Deranked
'When' Clauses ^WALS	Deranked
Reason Clauses ^WALS	Deranked
Utterance Complement Clauses ^WALS	Deranked

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