Features for Lhenazi

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Phonology

Consonant Inventories WALS Small

/t k m n θ s z ʃ x ɬ ɹ/

Vowel Quality Inventories WALS Small (2-4)

/a e i o/

Consonant-Vowel Ratio WALS Average

2.75 = 11 / 4

Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives WALS In fricatives alone

Only /s z/ contrast.

Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems WALS Other

Missing /b d g/

Uvular Consonants WALS None
Glottalized Consonants WALS No glottalized consonants
Lateral Consonants WALS No /l/, but lateral obstruents

/ɬ/

The Velar Nasal WALS No velar nasal
Vowel Nasalization WALS Contrast absent
Front Rounded Vowels WALS None
Syllable Structure WALS Moderately complex

CCV; clusters must end with one of /ɬ ɹ/. CCVC allowed word-finally.

Tone WALS No tones
Fixed Stress Locations WALS No fixed stress

Weight-sensitive

Weight-Sensitive Stress WALS Right-edge: Ultimate or penultimate
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems WALS Long vowel or coda consonant
Absence of Common Consonants WALS All present
Presence of Uncommon Consonants WALS 'Th' sounds

Morphology

Locus of Marking in the Clause WALS Double marking
lhaine-ei
laugh-III
kanei-0
man-NOM

"the man laughs"

The agent kanei is a class III noun, which the verb agrees with.

Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases WALS Double marking
e-shite
POSS.3.SG.FEM.III-book
mo-tamei
POSS.IV-woman

"woman's book"

(III and IV refer to noun classes; shite is class IV, tamei is class III)

Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology WALS Head-marking
lhaine-ei
laugh-III
em-ikenei-0
POSS.3.SG-son-NOM
mei-tamei
POSS.III-woman

"the woman's son laughs"

The verb is marked to agree with the agent, and the possessed noun is marked to agree with the possessor.

(III refers to noun classes; ikenei and tamei are both class III)

Reduplication WALS No productive reduplication
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking WALS Not syncretic

Nominal Categories

Number of Genders WALS Four

Nouns categories are based on degree of magic: full, partial, potential, and none. (Fantasy setting)

Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems WALS Non-sex-based

Based on degree of magic

Systems of Gender Assignment WALS Semantic
Coding of Nominal Plurality WALS Plural prefix

ai-

Occurrence of Nominal Plurality WALS All nouns, always obligatory
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns WALS Person-number affixes
Definite Articles WALS Demonstrative word used as definite article
Indefinite Articles WALS No indefinite, but definite article
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns WALS Inclusive/exclusive
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection WALS 'We' the same as 'I'
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns WALS In 3rd person + 1st and/or 2nd person
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns WALS Multiple politeness distinctions

Based on social status: higher than you, equal to you, and lower than you.

Ordinal Numerals WALS First/one-th, two-th, three-th
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes WALS Possessive prefixes

Nominal Syntax

Obligatory Possessive Inflection WALS Absent
Possessive Classification WALS No possessive classification
Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses WALS Adjectives and relative clauses collapsed
e-shite
POSS-book
mo-kanei
POSS-man

"the man's book"

Adjectives are expressed as relative clauses with a and stative verbs:

kanei
man
a
REL
tolhritei
tall

"the man that is tall", or "the tall man"

Adjectives without Nouns WALS Marked by suffix
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction WALS Identity

Verbal Categories

Perfective/Imperfective Aspect WALS Grammatical marking
The Past Tense WALS Present, no remoteness distinctions
Divided into yesterday ("-om") and everything else (ergative).
The Future Tense WALS Inflectional future exists
The Perfect WALS Other perfect
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes WALS Mixed type
The Morphological Imperative WALS No second-person imperatives
The Prohibitive WALS Normal imperative + special negative
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality WALS No grammatical evidentials
Coding of Evidentiality WALS No grammatical evidentials
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect WALS None
Verbal Number and Suppletion WALS None

Word Order

Order of Subject, Object and Verb WALS VSO
toshei
V
tamei
S
shiten
O

"the woman buys a book"

Order of Subject and Verb WALS VS
lhainei
V
tamei
S

"the woman laughs"

Order of Object and Verb WALS VO
i
PASS
toshei
V
shite
O

"a book is bought"

Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb WALS VOX
Order of Genitive and Noun WALS Noun-Genitive
Order of Adjective and Noun WALS Noun-Adjective
Order of Demonstrative and Noun WALS Demonstrative-Noun
Order of Numeral and Noun WALS Numeral-Noun
Order of Relative Clause and Noun WALS Noun-Relative clause
tamei
NOM
a
REL
lhainei
V

"the woman that laughs"

Order of Degree Word and Adjective WALS Degree word-Adjective
Position of Polar Question Particles WALS Other position
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions WALS Not initial interrogative phrase
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun WALS OV and NRel
tamei
NOUN
a
REL
shiten
O
toshei
V

"the woman that buys a book"

Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun WALS VO and NAdj

Simple Clauses

Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases WALS Nominative - accusative (standard)

Split ergative: erg/abs in past tense, nom/acc otherwise.

Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns WALS Nominative - accusative (standard)

Split ergative: erg/abs in past tense, nom/acc otherwise.

Alignment of Verbal Person Marking WALS Split

Split ergative: erg/abs in past tense, nom/acc otherwise.

Expression of Pronominal Subjects WALS Obligatory pronouns in subject position
lhainei
V
tamei
S

"the woman laughs"

lhainei
V
tei
PRO

"she laughs"

Verbal Person Marking WALS A or P argument

Verb agrees with NomA or ErgP.

Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking WALS No zero realization
Order of Person Markers on the Verb WALS A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb

Verb agrees with NomA or ErgP.

Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' WALS Indirect-object construction
Reciprocal Constructions WALS Distinct from reflexive
Passive Constructions WALS Present

Morpheme i precedes verb:

toshei
V
tamei
S
shiten
O

"the woman buys a book"

i
PASS
toshe
V
shite
S

"a book is bought"

Negative Morphemes WALS Negative particle
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation WALS Symmetric
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation WALS Non-assignable
Polar Questions WALS Question particle
Predicative Possession WALS Genitive
Predicative Adjectives WALS Verbal encoding
Nominal and Locational Predication WALS Different
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals WALS Impossible

Complex Sentences

Relativization on Subjects WALS Relative pronoun
lhainei
V
tamei
S
a-n
REL-O
tarei
V
kanei
S

"the woman that the man sees laughs"

Lexicon

M-T Pronouns WALS No M-T pronouns
N-M Pronouns WALS No N-M pronouns
Tea WALS Others

Other

Writing Systems WALS Syllabic
Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks WALS Other or none

Conlang-specific

Conlang type Artlang

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