Features for Aksish

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Phonology

Consonant Inventories WALS Large
/m n ɲ p b t d k g q ɢ t͡s d͡z t͡ʂ d͡ʐ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ k͡x¹ f v s z ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ x ɣ² ħ~ʜ~h j w r~ɾ l ɫ~ʟ/ - 36 consonants
¹ - in precise transcription [q͡χ˖]
² - in precise transcription [ʕ]
³ - in precise transcription [χ~ħ~ʜ~h]
Vowel Quality Inventories WALS Large (7-14)
Consonant-Vowel Ratio WALS Average
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives WALS In both plosives and fricatives
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems WALS None missing in /p t k b d g/
Uvular Consonants WALS Uvular stops and continuants
Only plosives /q ɢ/ appear in phonemic transcription, but first of all, precise transcription adds [q͡χ˖] and [χ] as one of the variants in the free variation appearing of the letter <һ/h>, and second of all, phonetic transcription adds [ɴ] as an allophone of /n/.
Glottalized Consonants WALS No glottalized consonants
Lateral Consonants WALS /l/, no obstruent laterals
The Velar Nasal WALS No initial velar nasal
Vowel Nasalization WALS Contrast present
Front Rounded Vowels WALS High only
/y/ exists only in loanwords and proper names, mainly of Old Aksish origin.
Syllable Structure WALS Complex
Tone WALS No tones
Fixed Stress Locations WALS Penultimate
Weight-Sensitive Stress WALS Fixed stress
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems WALS No weight
Rhythm Types WALS Trochaic
Absence of Common Consonants WALS All present
Presence of Uncommon Consonants WALS Pharyngeals

Morphology

Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology WALS Dependent-marking
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology WALS Strongly suffixing
Reduplication WALS No productive reduplication
Case Syncretism WALS Core and non-core
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking WALS Not syncretic

Nominal Categories

Number of Genders WALS Five or more
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems WALS Sex-based
Systems of Gender Assignment WALS Semantic and formal
Coding of Nominal Plurality WALS Plural suffix
Occurrence of Nominal Plurality WALS All nouns, always obligatory
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns WALS Person-number stem + pronominal plural affix
The Associative Plural WALS Associative same as additive plural
Definite Articles WALS No definite or indefinite article
Indefinite Articles WALS No definite or indefinite article
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns WALS No inclusive/exclusive
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection WALS No inclusive/exclusive
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives WALS Two-way contrast
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives WALS Unrelated
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns WALS 3rd person only, but also non-singular
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns WALS Binary politeness distinction
Indefinite Pronouns WALS Interrogative-based
Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns WALS Differentiated
Person Marking on Adpositions WALS No person marking
Number of Cases WALS 8-9 cases
Asymmetrical Case-Marking WALS Syncretism in relevant NP-types
Position of Case Affixes WALS Case suffixes
Comitatives and Instrumentals WALS Identity
Ordinal Numerals WALS First, second, three-th
Distributive Numerals WALS Marked by preceding word
Numeral Classifiers WALS Absent
Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers WALS Formally different
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes WALS No possessive affixes

Nominal Syntax

Obligatory Possessive Inflection WALS Absent
Adjectives without Nouns WALS Without marking

Verbal Categories

Perfective/Imperfective Aspect WALS Grammatical marking
The Past Tense WALS Present, 2-3 remoteness distinctions
Two exist:
- [Standard] past tense - slavic conjugation, mostly if not fully from Polish
- Pluperfect - derived from Old Aksish (i.e. past tense with "есү/esú" prefixed; cf. Old Aksish using past tense, except the past tense affix "ú-" turns into a particle, and in its place an arbitrary "és" affix is used)
The Future Tense WALS Inflectional future exists
The Perfect WALS No perfect
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes WALS Tense-aspect suffixes
Aspect is inherently embedded into verbs and is not part of any affixes.
The Morphological Imperative WALS Second singular and second plural
The Prohibitive WALS Normal imperative + normal negative
Imperative-Hortative Systems WALS Neither type of system
The Optative WALS Inflectional optative present
Situational Possibility WALS Verbal constructions
Verbal Number and Suppletion WALS None

Word Order

Order of Subject, Object and Verb WALS No dominant order
Order of Subject and Verb WALS No dominant order
Order of Object and Verb WALS No dominant order
Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb WALS No dominant order
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase WALS Prepositions
Order of Genitive and Noun WALS No dominant order
Order of Adjective and Noun WALS Adjective-Noun
Order of Demonstrative and Noun WALS Demonstrative-Noun
Order of Numeral and Noun WALS Numeral-Noun
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase WALS Other
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun WALS Other
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun WALS Other
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb WALS NegV
Position of Negative Morpheme With Respect to Subject, Object and Verb WALS Other

Simple Clauses

Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases WALS Nominative - accusative (standard)
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns WALS Nominative - accusative (standard)
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking WALS Accusative
Verbal Person Marking WALS Only the A argument
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking WALS No zero realization
Order of Person Markers on the Verb WALS A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb
Polar Questions WALS Question particle
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals WALS Possible

Lexicon

Hand and Arm WALS Different
Finger and Hand WALS Different
Numeral Bases WALS Decimal
Number of Non-Derived Basic Colour Categories WALS 6
Number of Basic Colour Categories WALS 11
Green and Blue WALS Green vs. blue
Red and Yellow WALS Red vs. yellow
Tea WALS Others

Other

Writing Systems WALS Alphabetic
Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks WALS Other or none

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