Features for Lonmai Luna

Share & Bookmark

Phonology

Consonant Inventories WALS Moderately small
Vowel Quality Inventories WALS Average (5-6)

basic vowels:/a/,/e/,/i/,/o/,/u/, and /ə/ is used for epenthesis

Consonant-Vowel Ratio WALS Moderately low
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives WALS In plosives alone
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems WALS None missing in /p t k b d g/
Uvular Consonants WALS None
Glottalized Consonants WALS No glottalized consonants
Lateral Consonants WALS /l/, no obstruent laterals
The Velar Nasal WALS Initial velar nasal

The velar nasal is not an independent phoneme, it is an allophone of the initial voiced velar plosive before non-high vowels, and in other places it is an allophone of the alveolar nasal before /k/,/g/,/h/.

Vowel Nasalization WALS Contrast absent
Front Rounded Vowels WALS None
Syllable Structure WALS Moderately complex

Except for loanwords, proper names and onomatopoeias, there are no initial or final consonant clusters, and consonant clusters with no more than three consonants can occur between two vowels.

Tone WALS Simple tone system

It uses a pitch accent system, the different pitch is used for marking word boundaries.

Fixed Stress Locations WALS Ultimate
Weight-Sensitive Stress WALS Fixed stress
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems WALS No weight
Rhythm Types WALS Undetermined
Absence of Common Consonants WALS All present
Presence of Uncommon Consonants WALS None

Morphology

Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives WALS Exclusively isolating

There are several derivational morphemes but almost no inflectional morphemes.

Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives WALS No case
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb WALS 0-1 category per word
Locus of Marking in the Clause WALS No marking
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases WALS Dependent marking
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology WALS Inconsistent or other
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology WALS Little affixation

Though derivational affixes do exist

Reduplication WALS Productive full and partial reduplication

Nouns indicating persons use full reduplication as one way to form plural.

The meaning of adjectives(and sometimes other verbs) may be intensified by applying reduplications.

The diminutive for of some nouns are formed by the reduplication of the first syllable; the frequentative form of some verbs are formed by the reduplication of the last syllable.

Case Syncretism WALS No case marking
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking WALS No subject person/number marking

Nominal Categories

Number of Genders WALS None
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems WALS No gender
Systems of Gender Assignment WALS No gender
Coding of Nominal Plurality WALS Mixed morphological plural

A preceding plural word is used for all words to indicate plural, and words referring people(not only humans beings since the language was not originally spoken by humans beings of that world.) also uses reduplication to indicate plural.

for words referring people, reduplication is more common.

Occurrence of Nominal Plurality WALS All nouns, always optional
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns WALS Person-number stem
The Associative Plural WALS No associative plural
Definite Articles WALS Definite word distinct from demonstrative
Indefinite Articles WALS Indefinite word same as 'one'

the word cluster for "one" may appear with indifinite singular nouns.

Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns WALS Inclusive/exclusive
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection WALS No person marking
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives WALS Three-way contrast

Proximal, medial, distal, and neutral.

Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives WALS Different inflection
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives WALS Unrelated
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns WALS No gender distinctions
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns WALS No politeness distinction
Indefinite Pronouns WALS Special
Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns WALS Differentiated
Person Marking on Adpositions WALS No person marking
Number of Cases WALS No morphological case-marking
Asymmetrical Case-Marking WALS No case-marking
Position of Case Affixes WALS No case affixes or adpositional clitics
Comitatives and Instrumentals WALS Differentiation
Ordinal Numerals WALS One-th, two-th, three-th
Distributive Numerals WALS Marked by preceding word
Numeral Classifiers WALS Absent
Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers WALS Formally different
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes WALS No possessive affixes

Nominal Syntax

Obligatory Possessive Inflection WALS Absent
Possessive Classification WALS No possessive classification
Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses WALS Adjectives and relative clauses collapsed

Adjectives are in fact stative verbs

Adjectives without Nouns WALS Marked by preceding word
Action Nominal Constructions WALS Restricted
Noun Phrase Conjunction WALS 'And' different from 'with'
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction WALS Differentiation

Verbal Categories

Perfective/Imperfective Aspect WALS No grammatical marking
The Past Tense WALS No past tense
The Future Tense WALS No inflectional future
The Perfect WALS Other perfect
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes WALS No tense-aspect inflection
The Morphological Imperative WALS No second-person imperatives
The Prohibitive WALS Special imperative + special negative

there's a word for imperative, and another word for prohibitive.

Imperative-Hortative Systems WALS Neither type of system
The Optative WALS Inflectional optative absent
Situational Possibility WALS Verbal constructions
Epistemic Possibility WALS Verbal constructions
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking WALS No overlap
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality WALS Indirect only

There's a word "lis" for qoatational sentences, it is used to start a quotation:

dala lude lis "tak ceklor bales imai kat?" - he/she/it says/they say: "Is this your house?"

Coding of Evidentiality WALS Separate particle
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect WALS None
Verbal Number and Suppletion WALS None

Word Order

Order of Subject, Object and Verb WALS SVO
Order of Subject and Verb WALS SV
Order of Object and Verb WALS VO
Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb WALS VOX
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase WALS Prepositions
Order of Genitive and Noun WALS Noun-Genitive
Order of Adjective and Noun WALS Noun-Adjective

normally, adjectives follow the nouns they modify by using the relative clause, like Indonesian, but when the relative clause is not used, adjectves must precede the nouns they modify by using a compound structure, like Västerbotten Swedish.

Order of Demonstrative and Noun WALS Mixed

Demonstratives follow nouns they modify when not taking taking classifiers, demonstratives precede nouns they modify when taking classifiers.

Order of Numeral and Noun WALS Numeral-Noun
Order of Relative Clause and Noun WALS Noun-Relative clause
Order of Degree Word and Adjective WALS Adjective-Degree word
Position of Polar Question Particles WALS Initial
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions WALS Not initial interrogative phrase
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause WALS Initial subordinator word
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase WALS VO and Prepositions
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun WALS VO and NRel
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun WALS VO and NAdj
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb WALS NegV
Position of Negative Morpheme With Respect to Subject, Object and Verb WALS SNegVO

Simple Clauses

Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases WALS Neutral
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns WALS Neutral
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking WALS Neutral
Expression of Pronominal Subjects WALS Obligatory pronouns in subject position
Verbal Person Marking WALS No person marking
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking WALS No person marking
Order of Person Markers on the Verb WALS A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' WALS Mixed

Indirect-object construction and Double-object construction are both used.

Reciprocal Constructions WALS Distinct from reflexive
Passive Constructions WALS Absent

Its "passive voice" doesn't decrease the valency of the verb, and thus doesn't meet the criteria of passive voice listed in WALS.

Antipassive Constructions WALS No antipassive
Applicative Constructions WALS Benefactive and other; both bases
Periphrastic Causative Constructions WALS Sequential but no purposive
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions WALS Morphological but no compound

there's a causative particle gail, so it should belong to the morphological type

Negative Morphemes WALS Negative particle
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation WALS Symmetric
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation WALS Non-assignable
Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation WALS Mixed behaviour
Polar Questions WALS Question particle
Predicative Possession WALS 'Have'
Predicative Adjectives WALS Verbal encoding
Nominal and Locational Predication WALS Different
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals WALS Possible
Comparative Constructions WALS Particle

Complex Sentences

Relativization on Subjects WALS Gap
Relativization on Obliques WALS Gap

when relativizing obliques, an resumptive pronoun(which indicates a pronoun-retention strategy) may optionally be used, but it is more common to let the preposition for the relativized oblique to be stranded (and sometimes omitted) in the relative clause, like English and the Scandinavian languages.

however, when relativizing possessives, and sometimes, standard of comparisons, the resumptive pronoun is obligatory used.

The resumptive pronoun is identical to the 3rd person pronoun.

for example:

alen Kirino musume on mal alen Kyousuke seplar ik erogeimu fodo - Kirino is the girl with whom Kyousuke plays H-Games.(preposition stranding)

alen Kirino musume on mal alen Kyousuke seplar ik erogeimu fodo dala - Kirino is the girl with whom Kyousuke plays H-Games.(resumptive pronoun)

alen Kirino musume on mal alen Kyousuke seplar ik erogeimu - Kirino is the girl with whom Kyousuke plays H-Games.(simple gap)

alen Kirino musume on mal age imon dala ales rene Kyousuke - Kirino is the girl whose brother is called Kyousuke

'Want' Complement Subjects WALS Subject is left implicit
Purpose Clauses WALS Balanced
'When' Clauses WALS Balanced
Reason Clauses WALS Balanced
Utterance Complement Clauses WALS Balanced

Lexicon

Hand and Arm WALS Different
Finger and Hand WALS Different
Numeral Bases WALS Pure vigesimal

there's also an octal(base-8) system and a duodecimal(base-12) system but, the vigesimal(base-20) system is the maistream and most productive numeral system.

Number of Non-Derived Basic Colour Categories WALS 6
Number of Basic Colour Categories WALS 8-8.5
Green and Blue WALS Green vs. blue
Red and Yellow WALS Red vs. yellow
M-T Pronouns WALS No M-T pronouns
N-M Pronouns WALS No N-M pronouns
Tea WALS Others

There's a word meaning "All kinds of drinks that are made from leaves." but there's no single word for "drinks that are made from leaves of the tea plants Camellia sinensis.)

Other

Writing Systems WALS Logographic
Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks WALS Affective meanings

Conlang-specific

Conlang type Artlang

Comments:

  1. On Jan. 2, 2012, 10:02 p.m., admin wrote:
    I don't know of any web-based linguistics resources written in Chinese (can't read any of 'em) but surely there should be some? Maybe the people at Language Log (do a websearch for it) will know.