| Lojban | Klingon |
|---|
| Consonant Inventories WALS |
Moderately large |
Average |
| Vowel Quality Inventories WALS |
Average (5-6) |
Average (5-6) |
| Consonant-Vowel Ratio WALS |
Average |
Average |
| Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives WALS |
In both plosives and fricatives |
In plosives alone |
| Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems WALS |
None missing in /p t k b d g/ |
Other |
| Uvular Consonants WALS |
Uvular continuants only |
Uvular stops and continuants |
| Glottalized Consonants WALS |
No glottalized consonants |
No glottalized consonants |
| Lateral Consonants WALS |
/l/, no obstruent laterals |
/l/ and lateral obstruent |
| The Velar Nasal WALS |
No velar nasal |
Initial velar nasal |
| Vowel Nasalization WALS |
Contrast absent |
Contrast absent |
| Front Rounded Vowels WALS |
None |
None |
| Syllable Structure WALS |
Complex |
Moderately complex |
| Tone WALS |
No tones |
No tones |
| Fixed Stress Locations WALS |
Penultimate |
No fixed stress |
| Weight-Sensitive Stress WALS |
Fixed stress |
Unbounded: Stress can be anywhere |
| Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems WALS |
No weight |
No weight |
| Rhythm Types WALS |
Undetermined |
No rhythmic stress |
| Absence of Common Consonants WALS |
All present |
All present |
| Presence of Uncommon Consonants WALS |
None |
None |
| Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives WALS |
Exclusively isolating |
Exclusively concatenative |
| Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives WALS |
No case |
Monoexponential case |
| Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb WALS |
0-1 category per word |
8-9 categories per word |
| Locus of Marking in the Clause WALS |
No marking |
Head marking |
| Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases WALS |
No marking |
No marking |
| Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology WALS |
Zero-marking |
Inconsistent or other |
| Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology WALS |
Little affixation |
Weakly suffixing |
| Reduplication WALS |
No productive reduplication |
No productive reduplication |
| Case Syncretism WALS |
No case marking |
No syncretism |
| Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking WALS |
No subject person/number marking |
Syncretic |
| Number of Genders WALS |
None |
None |
| Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems WALS |
No gender |
No gender |
| Systems of Gender Assignment WALS |
No gender |
No gender |
| Coding of Nominal Plurality WALS |
No plural |
Plural suffix |
| Occurrence of Nominal Plurality WALS |
No nominal plural |
All nouns, always optional |
| Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns WALS |
Number-indifferent pronouns |
Person-number stem |
| The Associative Plural WALS |
No associative plural |
No associative plural |
| Definite Articles WALS |
Definite word distinct from demonstrative |
No definite or indefinite article |
| Indefinite Articles WALS |
Indefinite word distinct from 'one' |
No definite or indefinite article |
| Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns WALS |
Inclusive/exclusive |
No inclusive/exclusive |
| Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection WALS |
No person marking |
No inclusive/exclusive |
| Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives WALS |
Three-way contrast |
Two-way contrast |
| Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives WALS |
Different stem |
Different stem |
| Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives WALS |
Unrelated |
Unrelated |
| Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns WALS |
No gender distinctions |
3rd person only, but also non-singular |
| Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns WALS |
No politeness distinction |
No politeness distinction |
| Indefinite Pronouns WALS |
Special |
Special |
| Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns WALS |
Differentiated |
Differentiated |
| Person Marking on Adpositions WALS |
No person marking |
No person marking |
| Number of Cases WALS |
No morphological case-marking |
4 cases |
| Asymmetrical Case-Marking WALS |
No case-marking |
Symmetrical |
| Position of Case Affixes WALS |
No case affixes or adpositional clitics |
Case suffixes |
| Comitatives and Instrumentals WALS |
Differentiation |
Differentiation |
| Ordinal Numerals WALS |
One-th, two-th, three-th |
One-th, two-th, three-th |
| Distributive Numerals WALS |
Marked by preceding word |
No distributive numerals |
| Numeral Classifiers WALS |
Absent |
Absent |
| Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers WALS |
Formally different |
Formally different |
| Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes WALS |
No possessive affixes |
Possessive suffixes |
| Obligatory Possessive Inflection WALS |
Absent |
Absent |
| Possessive Classification WALS |
Three to five classes |
Two classes |
| Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses WALS |
Highly differentiated |
Highly differentiated |
| Adjectives without Nouns WALS |
Without marking |
Marked by suffix |
| Action Nominal Constructions WALS |
– |
Other |
| Noun Phrase Conjunction WALS |
'And' different from 'with' |
'And' different from 'with' |
| Nominal and Verbal Conjunction WALS |
Differentiation |
Differentiation |
| Perfective/Imperfective Aspect WALS |
No grammatical marking |
Grammatical marking |
| The Past Tense WALS |
Present, 2-3 remoteness distinctions |
No past tense |
| The Future Tense WALS |
No inflectional future |
No inflectional future |
| The Perfect WALS |
Other perfect |
No perfect |
| Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes WALS |
No tense-aspect inflection |
Tense-aspect suffixes |
| The Morphological Imperative WALS |
No second-person imperatives |
Second singular and second plural |
| The Prohibitive WALS |
Normal imperative + normal negative |
Normal imperative + special negative |
| Imperative-Hortative Systems WALS |
– |
Neither type of system |
| The Optative WALS |
Inflectional optative absent |
Inflectional optative present |
| Situational Possibility WALS |
Other kinds of markers |
Affixes on verbs |
| Epistemic Possibility WALS |
Other |
Affixes on verbs |
| Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking WALS |
No overlap |
No overlap |
| Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality WALS |
Direct and indirect |
No grammatical evidentials |
| Coding of Evidentiality WALS |
Separate particle |
No grammatical evidentials |
| Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect WALS |
None |
None |
| Verbal Number and Suppletion WALS |
None |
Singular-plural pairs, no suppletion |
| Order of Subject, Object and Verb WALS |
SVO |
OVS |
| Order of Subject and Verb WALS |
SV |
VS |
| Order of Object and Verb WALS |
VO |
OV |
| Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb WALS |
VOX |
XOV |
| Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase WALS |
Prepositions |
Postpositions |
| Order of Genitive and Noun WALS |
Noun-Genitive |
Genitive-Noun |
| Order of Adjective and Noun WALS |
Adjective-Noun |
Noun-Adjective |
| Order of Demonstrative and Noun WALS |
Demonstrative-Noun |
Demonstrative suffix |
| Order of Numeral and Noun WALS |
Numeral-Noun |
Numeral-Noun |
| Order of Relative Clause and Noun WALS |
Noun-Relative clause |
Mixed |
| Order of Degree Word and Adjective WALS |
Adjective-Degree word |
No dominant order |
| Position of Polar Question Particles WALS |
Other position |
Other position |
| Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions WALS |
Not initial interrogative phrase |
Not initial interrogative phrase |
| Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause WALS |
Initial subordinator word |
Subordinating suffix |
| Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase WALS |
VO and Prepositions |
OV and Postpositions |
| Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun WALS |
VO and NRel |
Other |
| Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun WALS |
VO and AdjN |
OV and NAdj |
| Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases WALS |
– |
Neutral |
| Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns WALS |
– |
Neutral |
| Alignment of Verbal Person Marking WALS |
– |
Split |
| Expression of Pronominal Subjects WALS |
– |
Subject affixes on verb |
| Verbal Person Marking WALS |
No person marking |
Both the A and P arguments |
| Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking WALS |
– |
Zero in some 3sg forms |
| Order of Person Markers on the Verb WALS |
– |
A and P are fused |
| Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' WALS |
– |
Mixed |
| Reciprocal Constructions WALS |
Distinct from reflexive |
Distinct from reflexive |
| Passive Constructions WALS |
Present |
Present |
| Antipassive Constructions WALS |
– |
No antipassive |
| Applicative Constructions WALS |
– |
No applicative construction |
| Periphrastic Causative Constructions WALS |
– |
Sequential but no purposive |
| Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions WALS |
– |
Both |
| Negative Morphemes WALS |
Negative particle |
Negative affix |
| Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation WALS |
Symmetric |
Symmetric |
| Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation WALS |
Non-assignable |
Non-assignable |
| Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation WALS |
No predicate negation |
No predicate negation |
| Polar Questions WALS |
Question particle |
Interrogative verb morphology |
| Predicative Possession WALS |
Topic |
'Have' |
| Predicative Adjectives WALS |
Verbal encoding |
Verbal encoding |
| Nominal and Locational Predication WALS |
– |
Identical |
| Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals WALS |
– |
Impossible |
| Comparative Constructions WALS |
Exceed |
Conjoined |
| Relativization on Subjects WALS |
– |
Gap |
| Relativization on Obliques WALS |
– |
Not possible |
| 'Want' Complement Subjects WALS |
– |
Subject is expressed overtly |
| Purpose Clauses WALS |
– |
Balanced |
| 'When' Clauses WALS |
– |
Balanced |
| Reason Clauses WALS |
– |
Balanced |
| Utterance Complement Clauses WALS |
– |
Balanced |
| Hand and Arm WALS |
Different |
Different |
| Finger and Hand WALS |
Different |
Different |
| Numeral Bases WALS |
Decimal |
Decimal |
| Number of Non-Derived Basic Colour Categories WALS |
– |
4 |
| Number of Basic Colour Categories WALS |
11 |
3-4 |
| Green and Blue WALS |
Green vs. blue |
Yellow/green/blue |
| Red and Yellow WALS |
Red vs. yellow |
Yellow/green/blue vs. red |
| M-T Pronouns WALS |
M-T pronouns, paradigmatic |
No M-T pronouns |
| N-M Pronouns WALS |
No N-M pronouns |
No N-M pronouns |
| Tea WALS |
– |
Others |
| Writing Systems WALS |
Alphabetic |
Alphabetic |
| Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks WALS |
Other or none |
Other or none |
| Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb WALS |
NegV |
[V-Neg] |
| Position of Negative Morpheme With Respect to Subject, Object and Verb WALS |
SNegVO |
OVNegS |
| Conlang type |
Engelang |
Artlang |
